I Am An African American Woman Born - 1798 Words

I am an African American woman born in raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. I lived in the inner city of Milwaukee until I was about eight years old, and shortly after we moved to the Village of River Hills. My mother grew up in the city of Milwaukee also. My father grew up in Jackson, Mississippi and moved to Wisconsin when he was ten years old. Growing up, I traveled from Milwaukee to Mississippi at least seven times a year. Initally, while visiting it was a culture shock for me. My grandmother drove the School bus and lived on a farm. She had many horses as pets and as a means for transportation. In Mississippi I l learned that is was not ok to call adults by there first name and it is a sign of disrespect and it is rude to not look at a†¦show more content†¦I understand it is essential that I become aware of my own cultural background to effectively provide the best care to my patients. A nurse cannot provide appropriate cultural care without having knowledge and a basic u nderstanding of cultural competency. What I’ve learned about myself after reflecting upon practices, values, and biases After taking the cultural competence self-test assessment from the intercultural engagement resource, I feel that I am more culturally competent than most but I still have more learning to do. This assessment helped me realize my place on the trajectory to being cultural competent. I am a strong believer that people are more receptive to their own culture, so I try to adapt to other cultures by learning things about it. I never intentionally try to impose my values on anyone that may be inconsistent with their culture. By taking care of patients from different cultures, it opened my eyes and made me realize medical attention and health education varies amongst different cultures. After taking the survey I also learned to be a culturally competent nurse, I must not show any bias to my own culture. The assessment helped me examine my own biases and prejudices toward my own cultures and others. This assessment also helped me identify areas in which I need to improve to provide quality services to diverse

What Does The Practice Of Transgenderism Suggest About The...

Questionï ¼Å¡What does the practice of transgenderism suggest about the difference between sex and gender? In this paper, I will talk about the differences of sex and gender from the aspect of transgenderism. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the sex and gender. Whenever a human born, they always have a natural sex with them. Sex, a more biologic and physiological meaning, which means two main categories, male or female, into which organisms are placed on this basis. On the other hand, gender is a social meaning pertaining to masculinity and femininity. (Urdy, 1994) It is including that biological sex, sex-based social structures or gender identity. (Haig, 2004) When we born in this world we cannot get rid of the influence of our context. As a result, sex and gender may be different for one person. Thus, some people, who have a difference sex from his or her gender, may struggle with themselves and all the world. The transgenderism suggests us about the differences of sex and gender from several parts and I will only discuss parts of them because of the limitation of words and time. For example, they have different meanings and also refer to different area. The most important is that they have different influence on how people identity themselves. Although sex and gender is different, they are many sociologists assume that we should consider sex and gender are the same. In next several sections I will elaborate the definition of sex and gender and theirShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Sex And Gender2408 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay will navigate the differences between sex and gender through definition and discourse. First I will discuss sex with reference to biology, what it means to possess the parts of a man and of a woman. Within this context I will address intersex people and will examine transgenderism. I will then explore and identify gender through a discussion of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) associated with transgenderism touching briefly on the construction of gender roles. The paper will criticallyRead More The Social Constr uction of Gender Essays1997 Words   |  8 Pages In the United States, our concept of gender, and the differences between men and women, have deep traditional roots. Men are supposed to be strong individuals, who support and defend their families. Women are seen as nurturing, and motherly, more gentle and tame. We believe so strongly that the two genders are entirely separate, with such completely different traits, that it almost seems that men and women are just born with different qualities. But is this really the case? Are girls really bornRead MoreHomosexuality and God6017 Words   |  25 Pagesaccurately represent all those to whom it referred. The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation and has been adopted by the majority sexuality and gender identity-based community centers and media in the United States and some other English-speaking countries. The term LGBT is intended to emphasize a diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based cultures and is sometimes used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or cisgender instead of exclusively to people who are homosexualRead MoreShowing a Different Facet of Saudi Arabia in Rajaa Alsaneas Girls of Riyahd3322 Words   |  13 Pagesto offer an insider’s account of the situations and conditions of four Saudi girlfriends; Gamrah, Sadeem, Michelle and Lamees. Although the four highly fashionable and stylish girls from the ‘velvet class’ lead a modern life, they still oscillate between their desire for freedom and cultural patriarchal norms that they have internalised. Although Saudi Arabia is claimed to be ‘Islamic’, Islamic feminists argue that Muslim men wrongly interpret the Islamic traditions and Koran to uphold their misogynisticRead MoreHistory of Transgender9448 Words   |  38 PagesA time-line of transgender identities.  © 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven Contents Summery 2 Introduction: The development of gender as we know it How does history relate to us? 3 From a one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to ‘third sex’ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 The

Case16 Alarm Ringing Nokia in 2010 Free Essays

string(50) " the papers that is relevant to their discipline\." Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Roy L. Simerly Department of Management 3106 Bate East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858-4353 (252) 328-6632 (Work) (252) 328-4094 (Fax) simerlyr@mail. ecu. We will write a custom essay sample on Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010 or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Abstract This is the second part of a two part series dealing with the complexities of case analysis in Strategic Management courses. One of the primary function of Strategic Management is to serve as a cap-stone course integrating the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school. There is a need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. There is also the reality that students do not remember all that they should from previous courses. Equally important is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right. It is the theoretical foundation of Strategic Management that provides the rational for the integration. The purpose of this article is to provide an outline for analysis of a firm. I use this method at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The only difference is that graduate students are expected to show more sophistication in their presentations. Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis This is the second of a two part series dealing with one approach to case analysis in Strategic Management classes. This paper takes the view that Strategic Management is a cap-stone course intended to integrate the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school. Strategic Management is, in fact, the only course that has as its stated purpose the integration and application of key management concepts. Normally, students are expected to have a working knowledge of the primary business management disciplines of accounting, economics, finance, marketing, and operations, when entering the course. When instructors present case analysis, it is usually as a three-step process progressing from economic, to industry, and finally, to company analysis. In doing so they face the challenge of creating a classroom experience that enables students to conceptualize the framework as an integrated whole. The challenges for the instructor are interesting to say the least. First, there is the need for the instructor to understand the intent of each of the primary business management disciplines, as well as what the student can be expected to accomplish. Second, there is the need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. Third, there is the reality that students do not always remember all that they should. This leaves a great deal to be accomplished within one semester. An equally important challenge is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right. It is the theoretical foundation of Strategic Management that provides the rational for the integration. More importantly, the students needs an understanding of ‘when’ to use ‘what’ techniques in the business world. Given these challenges, I use – among other classroom techniques – case analysis. Students are required to provide analysis and discussion for a number of short cases throughout the semester. All are taken from current publications such as, Business Week, Fortune, Forbes and The Economist. I find that text book cases do not provide the currency necessary. These cases are used to demonstrate the text theory under discussion, and to show the relevance of specific elements of the major written cases. I require two major written cases. The first is an analysis of an industry, and the second is an analysis of a firm within that industry. Both are essential to achieve the learning objectives for the course. The learning objective for the course is: to understand how the top manager (CEO) is responsible for ensuring the long term survival of the firm within its competitive environment. The learning objective for the written case analyses is: to arrive at a point where they can develop a sound business plan to ensure the survival of their chosen firm within its competitive environment. Also, to appreciate the complexities of collecting and understanding the relevance of the vast amount of information available. The learning objective for the industry analysis is: to determine the opportunities and threats that exist for firms within a competitive environment. They should be able to appreciate how the various forces operating in an industry create or limit the chances for survival. The learning objective for the firm analysis is: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. The final step is to develop a business plan that will align the capabilities of the firm with the requirements of the competitive environment. Students are required to work in teams to complete the two major case write-ups. They will later make a presentation of their findings. I require teams because the most difficult part of management is the management of human resources. By setting specific guidelines for students I make their grade contingent on their management abilities as well as their ability to complete the projects. Team size is limited to 3 or 4 members. They are free to choose their firm and its industry. I strongly suggest that they select a firm that has a production function. This makes it easier to see the four organizational functions being integrated. I also encourage them to select an industry that would be suitable for employment based on their particular interests, and primary area of concentration. For example, accounting majors are encouraged to examine an accounting firm. Finance majors are pointed toward the banking industry. In the end, the students make choices based on group consensus and personal interests. However, a mixture of majors can be an advantage when working on the papers. The possible collaboration and integration of different perspectives is one advantage; another is the opportunity to work on a part of the papers that is relevant to their discipline. You read "Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010" in category "Essay examples" How firm’s performance is defined is left to the student. I must approve all choices prior to the student beginning work. In this way, I am sure that the projects are do-able. No two groups are allowed to do the same firm within the same class, but they can do different firms within the same industry. There are no ‘easy’ industries or firms. Each has its own challenges. A significant amount of time is spent covering analysis techniques, and the resources available, prior to the students starting on the projects. They are also encouraged to divide the work up into specific areas. For example, for the firm paper: do the four functional areas first, then do the introduction and conclusion. This gives a reasonable balance to the work load. One common complaint about this approach to case writing is that a student working on one section of the paper will not learn about the other sections of the paper. Every approach to case writing has a limitation, but I think that this one is manageable. First, the intent is not to teach students about one particular industry. It is to teach them the relevance, and the techniques, of industry and firm analysis. Stressing this point early on is very important. It is important to note that I do not give the students too many specific directions. I want them to do their own research and make discoveries along the way. There is no one right answer. Correctness – if such exists – is a product of the logic used in the analysis. For example, two measures of economies of scale are required. It does not matter which measures are used, what matters is that the student reasons through the problem and finds a means of justifying a position. If I give too much detail it limits the imagination of the student and prevents discoveries that could be significant. To help get the students oriented, I do provide complete ‘sample’ papers from a previous class. I am careful to ensure that the sample papers are on an industry and firm not currently being done. I do not have to worry about copying, or other forms of cheating. The papers must be up-to-date, which means significant recent citations in the bibliography. Additionally, I do provide the students with the opportunity of sending in parts of the project as they write. I then provide feedback to prevent them going off on tangents and wasting valuable time. Most students find this method beneficial as they work. I find the quality of the papers improves dramatically over the course of the semester. It is critical to stress that this is a business report, and not an English paper. Each paper will take on significant proportions (30 to 50 pages) if just the required work is done. If focus is not maintained, the size becomes unmanageable. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Everything has to be proven in some manner, if just by an interview with a business person. Quantitative and qualitative analysis are required. I give a number of examples in class of how wrong ‘common knowledge’ can be. The firm paper analysis that follows has been adapted from the work of Wheelen Hunger (2000)[1]. Their model for the evaluation of firms has been evolving for over a decade, and represents one of the more concise approaches to firm analysis. This approach is compatible with a number of Strategic Management text and can easily be adapted to most situations. In addition, my own experiences in the business world have been incorporated. In what follows, I cover in some detail the outline for the firm paper. This outline is given to the students in its entirety. FIRM PAPER OUTLINE This outline is only a guide. Each firm is unique, and you are responsible for adapting your paper to fit the circumstance. Form is important, but must not replace reason. Learning Objective: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. Method: Firm analysis and the development of an abbreviated business plan to ensure long term survival within the competitive environment. Compare your firm to a better performing firm within the same industry, or to the industry trends that you created in the industry paper. Maintain your focus on the questions being asked. Provide conclusions for each section and sub-section. A decision matrix should be provided at the end of each section, and an overall matrix provided in the conclusion section. Where quantitative analysis is required, provide numbers expressed as ratios. Use five years of data to establish trends. Where qualitative analysis is required, provide citations to support your arguments. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Continuity: I do read these papers! Be sure that if you make a declarative statement in one section, you do not contradict yourself in another. While it is a team project, I read it as the work of one person. Integrate the paper. Please number pages, and use section headings and sub-headings. Help is just a mouse-click away! I strongly encourage you to show me your work as you progress. I can, and will, save you hours of frustration if you will show me what you are doing. I. Current Situation A. Brief firm history. What industries and industry segments is your firm involved in, and what will be the focus of the paper? You can not do all of the industries or segments in one semester. Make a rational choice that aligns the firm paper with the industry paper. Provide a statement of the current position or situation of your firm within the industry (i. e. how goes it). How diversified is this firm? Related or unrelated (you may discuss this wherever you think most appropriate)? B. Strategic Posture. 1. What is the current mission? Did you have to deduce it, or was it stated. Is there a clear point B (an objective that we can quantify)? You should be concerned with both the quality of the mission statement, and it s appropriateness for the competitive environment. You will be able to address this issue after you complete the firm analysis. 2. What is the current (Porter’s generic) strategy? Since you are only doing one segment, you are concerned with business-level strategy only. Is this strategy consistent with the mission, appropriate for the environmental context, being followed by management? Again, this is best answered after the analysis is complete. II. External Environment (Opportunities and Threats. ) This section is a restatement of some of your industry paper work. You restate your findings with respect to this specific firm. A. Socio-cultural. What general environmental factors among the socio-cultural, economic, political-legal, and technological forces are currently affecting both the firm and the industry in which it competes? Which present, current, or future threats or opportunities are important to your firm? B. Task Environment. Which of the five forces (Porter’s) in the immediate environment are currently affecting the level of competitive intensity within the industry? Which present current or future threats or opportunities important to your firm? III. Internal Environment (Strengths and Weaknesses) The only way to know if your firm is doing well is through comparison. Therefore, almost all of the elements that follow require the analysis of your firm and then a comparison to a better performing firm, or to industry standards. A. Management. The objective of the management function is to ensure the long-term survival of the firm within its competitive environment. Begin with your assessment of how management has addressed this objective. 1. Board of Directors. The objective of the board is to provide oversight of the firm. Based on your observations is this board appropriate for the competitive environment of this organization? a. What is the board size and composition (averages for all firms is 74% external, with 14 members total). b. What are their skills? Do you have the four functional areas covered? c. Do they own a significant percentage of stock? Here you are testing elements of agency theory. d. What is their level of involvement in the oversight of the corporation? That is, what committees are they on? How often do they meet? 2. Top Management (usually only the CEO). The objective of management is to ensure the survival of the organization within its environment. Is management achieving that objective? a. What are top management’s chief characteristics in terms of knowledge, skills, background, and management style? Is top management sufficiently skilled to cope with likely future challenges? Has it established a systematic approach to the formulation, implementation, evaluation and control of strategic management? Is there a vision, clearly articulated, guiding corporate activities (i. e. , does this manager know where the organization is headed)? What is the degree of stock ownership, and is it appropriate? b. Organizational Structure. What is the present structure? Discuss decision making authority, degree of autonomy, team building, empowerment, etc. Is the structure appropriate for the competitive environment and consistent with the current strategy and mission? c. Culture. Is there a well defined or emerging culture composed of shared beliefs, expectations, and values? Is the culture a source of support or hindrance to achieving the mission/strategy of the corporation? B. Marketing The objective of the marketing function is to maximize market share. Are they achieving this objective? You should be able to provide a graph of market share change over time compared to another firm or the industry. What is the market share change of the firm in relation to market growth? Remember to use ratios, not raw numbers. How well is the corporation performing in terms of market position and marketing mix? You answer this by comparing the 4 P’s to a better performing firm. 1. How well does your firm’s product offering (product mix) compare to a better performing firm? 2. Is the firm’s pricing appropriate? 3. Compare the place (distribution system) of the product offering. 4. Evaluate the promotional efforts of the firm. What is the payoff for the money spend on advertising? Is there a relationship between advertising and market share change? Provide a conclusion to this section. What trends do you see from analysis of their past performance? I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? C. Operations/Production. This section will be revised for those teams doing a service firm. While the basic arguments are the same, the methods will be different. Consult with your instructor before beginning this section if you are doing a service organization. The objective of the operations function is to increase productivity. Are they achieving this objective? This is also the functional area where you can best evaluate whether your firm is following the logic of re-investing in itself (the logic of the managerial enterprise)? 1. In order to achieve improvements in productivity, the firm must be re-investing in itself. What is the trend in capital spending? What is the trend in productivity improvement? 2. In combination with the marketing section, has this firms emphasized product development, or diversification, for growth (the Chandler argument)? No longer required. 3. Operating leverage. How has the mix of people to capital changed over time – are fixed costs rising? What are the trends in costs per unit of labor, inventory control, etc.? 4. Research Development. What return is the corporation receiving from its RD investment? Is the firm technologically competent? How well does the firm’s investment compare with similar corporations? What is the bang for the buck! Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? D. Finance The objective of the finance function is to maximize shareholder wealth. Are they achieving this objective? I would prefer total returns to investors over time as the measure here. The data are available. 1. Remember to use at least five years of data for the most important factors. What trends do you see emerging from this analysis? Suggested ratios are contained in the text. 2. How well is the corporation performing compared to competition? 3. Capital Asset Pricing Model. (Class lecture notes) What is the cost of capital for this firm? What impact does this have on competitiveness? What does your analysis tell you about the probability that management will reinvest in the firm? 4. Debt to Equity policy and susceptibility to external forces, such as debt covenants, take-over attempts, etc. As lecture material points out, the capital structure decision is very important to the survival of the firm. Crunching of numbers is not the objective here. You are looking for significant trends that can impact the survivability of the firm. As you find negative trends that could effect other organizational functions, tell your team mates. What have they discovered? This section can not stand on its own, it has to be integrated into the overall paper. Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? E. Human Resource Management. If applicable – i. e. , are unions involved? If so, you are concerned with the HRM function of the organization. F. Management Information Systems. If applicable. Is you firm having problems with its MIS system? Readings from articles should give a clue. If no problem is noted, you do not have to include this section. IV. Critical Success Factors. From your industry paper, discuss how your firm is addressing these factors. Most of these factors (2 of 3) will lend themselves to quantitative analysis and comparison. V. Strategic Problem. From your analysis, what is THE strategic problem of this firm. This is only one paragraph and not a laundry list. Clue – your paragraph will begin: Management has failed to ensure the long-term survival of this firm because†¦.. VI. Strategic Alternatives. Provide appropriate strategic alternatives stated as strategies, not as elements of a strategy. Discuss the pro’s and con’s of each. The current strategy, if appropriate, could be one of the alternatives if the firm simply needs to improve the implementation of that strategy. VII. Recommendation. From your alternatives, what ONE strategy do you recommend, and why? This is only one or two paragraphs. VIII. Implementation. This is the section where most teams lose it. Remember that strategy is a pattern of actions and activities. A. Give SPECIFIC recommendations on how you would implement your strategic choice. Provide details addressing each of the four functional areas. B. Show how you are solving the weaknesses and building on the strengths of each functional area. C. What is the core competence of this organization? Can we build a sustainable competitive advantage within this industry? D. Include a basic pro forma for at least 5 years out to see the impact of your changes. Use your best guess on the numbers, indicating your assumptions. E. Conclude the paper with your prognosis for the firm. This is the grade sheet for the firm paper Case Name_________________________ Bibliography: Appendices, graphs, tables: Firm Business Segments: Strategy: Mission: Corporate ownership: Board of Directors: R: Type and Degree of Diversification: Capital investment related to performance: Social/Environmental programs: Growth rate of firm: Cost of Capital (CAPM): Take over target: Asset base compared to competitors: Historical financial data: S. W. O. T. : C. S. F. ‘s: Analysis of the functional areas: Management: Marketing: Operations: Finance: ———————– [1] Wheelen, T. L. Hunger, J. D. 2000. Strategic Management. Upper Saddle River, N. J. U. S. 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Premier League will play a major role in the revival free essay sample

Pakistan Premier League is a twenty20 cricket league that will be played in different cities within Pakistan. After the success of Indian Premier League, Bangladesh Premier League and Srilankan Premier League, Pakistan Cricket Board has decided to host a similar event in Pakistan. In this tournament, both local and international players are expected to participate. This event has a great importance for Pakistan Cricket because international cricket has not been played on the grounds of Pakistan ince 2009 when Sri Lankan team was attacked by the terrorists in Lahore. Now, towards the end of 2012, with the efforts of Dr Mohammad Ali Shah and his team, International Xl came to Pakistan to play two twenty20 cricket matches. International Xl consists of former International players from different countries. These matches went smooth, there were no security issues and it sent a message to the world that Pakistan is a safe place. Now, Pakistan Premier League in expected to play in March, 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Premier League will play a major role in the revival or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page International players are invited to be a part of this event. Around 30 nternational players are expected to participate in this event. The success of this event will be step towards the revival of cricket in Pakistan. Pakistan cricket has been declined a lot in the recent times and one reason for it is the terrorist activities in Pakistan. Players are not able to play international cricket in home ground after the attack on Srilankan team. Home grounds and home crowds supports players a lot and give them confidence. But unfortunately, after the attack on Srilankan cricket team in Lahore near Gaddafi cricket Stadium on 3rd march, 2009. Few of the players ot injured in this attack but luckily all went safe back Srilanka. The International cricket also went from Pakistan with the Srilankan team. International Cricket Board was like that no cricket will be played in Pakistan till 2015. Pakistan was to host the ICC World cup 2011 with India, Srilanka and Bangladesh but due to the attack on Srilankan team in 2009, Pakistan was not able to host the mega event. No international cricket has been played in Pakistan for last three and a half year but now we see few efforts for the revival of international cricket in Pakistan. After three and a half year, Dr. Mohammad Ali Shah managed to convince few of the former International cricketers to come to Pakistan and play cricket match over year. This was an effort to show t he world that Pakistan is a safe place and there is a future of cricket in Pakistan. This event went successful and showed a good image of the country. It proved that Pakistan has a better security plans now and are capable of hosting International cricket. This event was an important event for Pakistan Premier League that is a major step for the revival of cricket in Pakistan. Everyone is very excited to see International and local players participating in Pakistan premier league in Pakistan and expecting that this will open routes for International Cricket in Pakistan. But still the question is that are we prepared to host such big league? Is it too early to host the event? Our security is strong enough to protect International Cricket. Pakistan Premier League is the last hope for the revival of International Cricket in Pakistan and if we are not able to host it successfully, then international cricket in Pakistan will end up as a dream for everyone!

The Role of the No Miracles Argument for Scientific Realism

David Foster Wallace on SNOOTS - Extreme Usage Fanatics

David Foster Wallace on SNOOTS - Extreme Usage Fanatics After reading this article, decide if you are a SNOOT: one of the Few, the Proud, the More or Less Constantly Appalled at Everyone Else. Question: What Is a SNOOT? Answer: SNOOT (n) (highly colloq) is this reviewers nuclear familys nickname clef for a really extreme usage fanatic, the sort of person whose idea of Sunday fun is to hunt for mistakes in the very prose of [William] Safires column [in The New York Times Magazine]. This definition of the family word SNOOT (an acronym for Sprachgefà ¼hl Necessitates Our Ongoing Tendance or Syntax Nudniks of Our Time) appears in footnote number five of David Foster Wallaces review article Authority and American Usage (in Consider the Lobster and Other Essays,   2005). There, the late author of Infinite Jest devotes more than 50 smart and entertaining pages to the topic of grammarin particular, to the dispute between linguistic conservatives and linguistic liberals, otherwise known as the Prescriptivists vs. the Descriptivists. Before deciding whether you would feel comfortable characterizing yourself as a SNOOT, consider Wallaces description of SNOOTitude: There are lots of epithets for people like thisGrammar Nazis, Usage Nerds, Syntax Snobs, the Grammar Battalion, the Language Police. The term I was raised with is SNOOT. The word might be slightly self-mocking, but those other terms are outright dysphemisms. A SNOOT can be defined as somebody who knows what dysphemism means and doesnt mind letting you know it.I submit that we SNOOTs are just about the last remaining kind of truly elitist nerd. There are, granted, plenty of nerd-species in todays America, and some of these are elitist within their own nerdy purview (e.g., the skinny, carbuncular, semi-autistic Computer Nerd moves instantly up on the totem pole of status when your screen freezes and now you need his help, and the bland condescension with which he performs the two occult keystrokes that unfreeze your screen is both elitist and situationally valid). But the SNOOTs purview is interhuman social life itself. You dont, after all (despite withering cultural pressure), have to use a computer, but you cant escape language: Language is everything and everywhere; its what lets us have anything to do with one another; its what separates us from the animals; Genesis 11:7-10 and so on. And we SNOOTS know when and how to hyphenate phrasal adjectives and to keep participles from dangling, and we know that we know, and we know how very few other Americans know this stuff or even care, and we judge them accordingly.In ways that certain of us are uncomfortable about, SNOOTs attitudes about contemporary usage resemble religious/political conservatives attitudes about contemporary culture: We combine a missionary zeal and a near-neural faith in our beliefs importance with a curmudgeonly hell-in-a-handbasket despair at the way English is routinely manhandled and corrupted by supposedly literate adults. Plus a dash of the elitism of, say, Billy Zane in Titanica fellow SNOOT I know likes to say that listening to most peoples public English feels like watching somebody u se a Stradivarius to pound nails. We are the Few, the Proud, the More or Less Constantly Appalled at Everyone Else.(David Foster Wallace, Consider the Lobster and Other Essays. Little, Brown and Company, 2005) As regular visitors to this site may have noticed, we strive to remain on speaking terms with both sides in the Usage Wars. Looking at how language works (description) happens to interest us more than laying down arbitrary laws on how language should be used (prescription). And yet its clear that most readers arrive at About.com Grammar Composition in search of rulings, not linguistic ruminations, and so we do try to be accommodating. But how do you define your interest in language? Are you a fan of Lynne Trusss Eats, Shoots Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation (2004), or do you feel more at home with David Crystals The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot, and Left (2007)? Are you inclined to fuss at a child who uses aint, or are you more interested in finding out that until the 19th century in both England and America aint was an acceptable usage? In short, do you consider yourself a SNOOT?

Generational marketing and social media Case Study

Generational marketing and social media - Case Study Example The baby boomers generation used to report to work every day, from their homes. Generation X has both people who stay either at work or at home. A people of generation Y are those who are mobile because the advanced technology enables them to work from anywhere. Generation Y prefers portable machines, generation X uses both portable and fixed machines while baby boomers use machines wherever they were installed. The baby boomers could work using primary knowledge. Generation started demanding for advanced knowledge but generation Y required more of the learned people (must have attended college or university). The communication media among these generations depended on number of tasks to be performed. Generation Y needed mobile phones because they had a lot to attend to. General marketing involves planning an executing the conception, promotion, pricing and distributing ideas, products or goods and services to develop exchanges that satisfy organizational and individual goals. Things that can be marketed include products and services, experiences and events, people, places and properties, organizations, information and ideas. The market categories are; consumer, business, global, government and nonprofit. Marketing acts as integrative function while the customer acts as the controlling function. Social media refers to interactive platforms through which people and communities share the content or information generated by the user (Hally, 2005). They are also social software hat mediate human communication. Some of the social media types include: Dell is a company that manufactures computers- Dell computers. The target audience for Dell computers is the institutions (teachers or lecturers, students and subordinate staff), because they require computers for both learning purposes and institutional operations (Koehn, 2001). Social media are effective in marketing Dell’s computers. The company collects ideas and insights from its customers, which it

Show how new product would be introduced into the market today Essay

Show how new product would be introduced into the market today - Essay Example Motives is a cosmetic company that controls a huge proportion of lipstick and mascara production in the American market. In this case, the product life cycle of the La La Mineral lipstick will be used as an illustration. Motivescosmetic has to highlight its key objectives and targets in the cosmetic industry. The new product has to be in line with the already established corporate strategies. This will require the company to come up with a precise and an all round mission statement. Since there is so much uncertainty in the market, this step will act like a guide to plunge into the market and face the future courageously. It is good to find out the potential customers. In this case, the lipstick that makes mouth fuller is will soot the female customers and those in the beauty industry. The company has to identify the expected perceptions in terms of value, quality and efficiency so that they can respond to inquiries. This kind of understanding prepares Motivescosmetic to position the lipstick product in the already congested market. In another perspective, the company has to make an analysis about its target market by grouping them into industries and geographical location among others. Having a great product does not guarantee success. Motivescosmetic has to conduct a keen analysis about the potential competitors and how they operate. This will include understanding how they carry out their positioning, handle their distribution channels and come up with pricing strategies. In addition, the company has to take a keen look at how customers respond to the competitors’ style of marketing. Positioning entails the ability to understand the uniqueness in the product and how it will stand out from the already existing products. It requires going beyond the normal anticipations and critically analyzing the perceptions likely

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example She jumps to the stage and starts singing and dancing, and along with her, everybody dances. The dwarfed dancers sing and dance aside the eatables over the tables as the astonished and overwhelmed real-size guests watch them. In the end, one of the female guests passes a compliment for the girl, appreciating her energy and performance. The commercial ends with the girl’s wink to the audience. The main idea of the whole commercial is that Pepsi is the answer to all the thirst and tiredness, and the effect is equally strong upon people of all ages and all ethnicities. Pepsi instills all the freshness and energy in the person who drinks it that he/she needs to rock. The performers have been purposely dwarfed in the commercial. This variation in size not only adds a lot of drama in the commercial, but also suggests that those who drink Pepsi are taken by its joy into an imaginary world of happiness and joy where they can sing and dance and party wherever they want. Nothing could be more appropriate to end the commercial with than the wink of the girl that has been the center of attention throughout the commercial. Ever since the conception of Pepsi around the start of the 20th century, one of its primary goals has been outselling Coca-Cola because it is Pepsi’s main competitor. Pepsi has been using commercials to promote its product for decades. Pepsi has run numerous campaigns, including famous celebrities in many of them to make a claim. The fundamental ideology behind this has been that ordinary people should drink Pepsi because stars and celebrities drink it. For instance, the â€Å"Joy of Cola† campaign of Pepsi run in the late 90’s, Pepsi used a combination of factors including catchy jingles, humor, and celebrities to sell itself. The pathos, logos, and ethos used in â€Å"Joy of Cola† have helped Pepsi bring its consumers in the new millennium. The Pepsi jingle for this campaign was a very suitable jingle for Pepsi because it had the tendency

How The Globalization Has Been Influenced Politics Essay

How The Globalization Has Been Influenced Politics Essay Question  : What factors have shaped the processes of globalization? Discuss to what extent the world economy is becoming less or more globalised as a consequence of the global recession started in 2008? draw the views of radicals, sceptics and pragmatics regarding the factors promoting  : the existence of economic globalisation as a new phenomenon DIFFERENT FROM internationalization, westernization, liberalism or cultural convergence. It should further discuss: to what extent such factors have been influenced by the economic crisis AND what are the consequences for the globalising world economy. Key authors: HIRST THOMPSON, sCHOLTE (BOTH IN THE READING PACKAGE.) OHMAE DICKEN Introduction : In the last decade, globalization has been much all over the news. But despite its prominence, globalization is viewed as a highly complex process difficult to define. Essay divided in 3 parts : Introduction: 250 words The factors that have shaped the economic globalization: 1000 words The globalization debate: 900 words How the globalization has been influenced by the economic crisis and the consequences on the world economy: 1000 words Conclusion: 150 words Indeed, it a topic that is discussed by many authors who strongly disagree about its significance. Impossible to define. I will present the nature and the significance of these processes. (prod, finance, trade) Globalization is transforming the ways in which nations interact in the last few decades international trade and  production has become increasingly globalised and corporate activity has diversified and multiplied Not only globalization is very real, but it consequences can be felt everywhere. The global market place is more developed than in the 60s and 70s and is indifferent to national borders. Nations have lost most of their sovereignty and politicians have lost most of their capability to influence events. The era of nation state is over THE FACTORS THAT HAVE SHAPED THE PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION According to Castells, economic globalization can be mainly conceived as three different sets of factors that have shaped the processes of globalization, encompassing the changes that took place at a global level over the last few decades: the globalization of production, the globalization of finance and the globalization of trade (Castells, 2000). The globalization of production The globalization of production encompasses the changes that took place in a global level regarding the ways in which production of goods and services is organized and involve three dynamics: a massive increase of Foreign Direct Investment, an increased role of transnational corporations in the world economy and finally a growth of long distance production network (Prasad, 2006). The massive increase of FDI According to Razin and Sadka, the foreign direct investment (FDI) can be defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control of a resident entity in the source country (foreign direct investment or parent firm) in the host country. (Razin and Sadka, 2007). As mentioned by Castells, since 1960, the FDI was more and more concentrated in industrialized countries with its origins in a small group of industrialized countries and its destinations in the same group. However, as a real result of the economic globalization, the countries of the Third World are becoming important destinations. For example, transnational corporations investments in transition economies are growing significantly and according to the UNCTAD, China replaced the United States as the worlds largest destination for FDI in 2003 (UNCTAD, 2005). Therefore, it is possible to argue that there is globalization of production because the economic globalization is reorient ing the destinations of FDI. The role of transnational corporations in the world economy Transnational corporations like Airbus, Samsung, Nike or Apple are companies who have their headquarters in one country (mainly concentrated in industrialized countries) and a number of subsidiaries in more than one foreign country. They constitute the most important vehicle for FDI, exceeding sometimes the gross domestic products of some national economies. Their role in the global economy is more and more important as their number is significantly increasing. Also, some transnational corporations located in some countries of the Third World tend to become significant vehicles for FDI (Held Mc Grew, 2003). Consequently, the internationalization and the growing importance of these multinational corporations are rapidly shaping the processes of economic globalization. The growth of long distance production network According to Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, most of the large transnational corporations tend to disperse their production networks internationally which represents a fundamental difference from earlier, when the production processes were mainly organized within national frontiers (Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 1994). Those new global commodity chains keep evolving through time and involve market-based networks of global scope organized by the multinational corporations through relying upon contracting and sub-contracting of production processes worldwide (Prasad, 2006). According to Gereffi, there are two types of global world commodity chains: the producer-driven chain in which large manufacturing multinational corporations take a leadership role by organizing the chains; and the buyer-driven chains in which the leadership role is taken by the global retailers and marketers (Gereffi, 2002). Consequently, the global production of goods and services gradually occurs through broadly- dispersed network activities that have shaped something similar to a global web of productive activities. Hence, these three dynamics that constitute the globalization of production have influenced the world the economy while determining the processes of economic globalization. However, as previously mentioned, economic globalization also involves globalization of finance. The globalization of finance Economic globalization has been accompanied by notable fluctuations in the nature of the global financial organization. Indeed, the financial design that has been established by the Bretton Woods Agreement founded a system of fixed exchange rates across national currencies (Bordo and Eichengreen, 1993). Though, after the collapse of this system in the 1970s, the global financial system has progressively become globalized and presented a rising tendency toward global integration of financial markets and dome groundbreaking financial instruments. Therefore, nowadays businesses increasingly work in a world of globally integrated capital markets with developments in a particular part of the planet rapidly spreading their effects on a global level. Moreover, the globalization of finance has resulted in a surprising explosion of currency trading isolated from transnational trade. Therefore, it is possible to understand that the changes concerning the global production and finance also implied a globalization of trade. The globalization of trade The increase of international trade in every economic activities worldwide. International trade has grown significantly in relation to national income. Compared to the era of the rapid trade growth of the 1990s, the export levels today are much bigger for the states part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) because the trading walls have fallen across the world. Therefore, global markets have arisen for many goods and services. Also, in terms of value, trade in manufactured products accounts for about 75 per cent of the global trade when trade in services represent only 20 per cent (Castells, 2000). Changes in geographical patterns of international trade As the manufactured products represent such a great part of the international trade, it is without a doubt that industrialized economies lead the international trade. However, as a result of the globalization of production and finance, the international trade tends to be increasingly geographically diversified. Indeed, as the exports between industrialized countries have significantly dropped, the exports between the Third World countries have increased which is changing the geographical patterns of international trade (Nigel, 2012) The emergence of large regional trade groups as EU, NAFTA etc. The globalization of trade introduced the development of regional trade group as the European Union (EU), Association of south East Asia Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Mercosur designed to give extra impulse to trade between member countries (Frankel, 1997). The first section of this paper has explained the factors that have shaped the processes of economic globalization. But globalization and its consequences constitute the root of many controversies and debates that will be discussed in the second part of this paper. THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE According to Giddens, when it comes to the question of globalization, it is possible to distinguish three schools of thought: the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics and the transformationalists. Those three schools attempted to explain and understand the recent concept that is globalization, and more precisely, economic globalization. The hyperglobalizers According to Ohmae, globalization could be defined as a new era of human history in which traditional nation-states have become unnatural, even impossible business units in a global economy (Ohmae, 1995). Ohmaes of globalization privileges its economic logic while the other branch of this school of thought, the neoliberals, sees the globalization as the emergence of a single global market. Therefore, the hyperglobalizers think that the economic globalization will bring the denationalisation of economies through the formation of global networks of production, trade and finance that have been discussed in the first part of this paper. According to Reich, national governments are simple transitional institutions between global, regional and local instruments of governance (Reich, 1991). As mentioned by Strange the virtual forces of world market are more important than national governments and their authority is decreasing (Strange, 1996). Within the hyperglobalist movement, it exists a divergence between the neoliberals and the neo-Marxists as the neoliberals see the individual autonomy as a triumph when the neo-Marxist see the oppressive global capitalism as a triumph (Greider, 1997). However, those two variants of the movement agree on the economic globalization as a new phenomenon creating winners and losers in the global economy. They see the North-South division as an anachronism it has been replaced by a division of labour. Moreover, the hyperglobalizers see the Nation State coming to an end as they consider the globalization as an indication of the first global civilization and a new wold order with an emergence of institutions of global governance (Albrow, 1996). Indeed, as argued by Ohmae, the authority of the nation state is challenged as the national economy is more and more of a site of global flows. Also, the national governments are not capable to control what happens in their borders or to satisfy the demands of their citizens (Ohmae, 1995). As institutions of global governances are becoming more and more important, the sovereignty of nation states is eroded. In general terms, the hyperglobalizers perceive the globalization as a reconfiguration of the framework of human action (Albrow, 1996). The sceptics Compared to the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics see globalization as a myth or an ideology only relying on an economic conception. They think that globalization is primarily associated with a faultlessly integrated global market. According to Hirst and Thompson, the extent of economic globalization is categorically exaggerated (Hirst and Thompson, 2002). The sceptics consider the influence of national governments on global economic activity really powerful and therefore perceive the hyperglobalizers view as politically naÃÆ' ¯ve. In their point of view, the only thing that is demonstrated is that the economic activity is experiencing an important regionalization with the emergence of the regional trade groups such as the EU, NAFTA etc. Indeed, according to Boyer and Drache, todays global economy is considerably less integrated than it was in the past (Boyer Drache, 1998). Sceptics are also against the idea of the end of the nation state. Also, it is possible to see different points of view within the sceptics : some of them see national governments as the most important part of the internationalization considered as a US-initiated economic order who shaped an impulse for the liberalization of national economies. Some others like Callinicos, see the increase of global trade and FDI as a new era of Westernization in which national governments are deeply concerned (Callinicos, 1994). However, they all believe that internationalization has been accompanied by the rising economic marginalization of Third World states. As argued by Held and McGrew, rather than the world becoming more interdependent, the sceptics seek to expose the myths which sustain the globalization thesis (Held McGrew, 1999) The transformationalists Jones > Cycles of the economy Stiglitz> Adverse impact on developing countries Stiglitz, J (2002) Globalization and its Discontents (London, Penguin, 2002). Stiglitz , J ( 2007) Making Globalization Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice, London, Penguin Saul > Discusses the end of globalization a specific economic moment C) View of the TRANSFORMATIONALISTS regarding the economic globalization as a new phenomenon c) How is the economic globalization different from: industrialization westernization liberalism according to the TRANSFORMATIONALISTS. cultural convergence Authors: Giddens > Globalization is real and its consequences can be felt everywhere Level of world trade today is much higher than it ever was before and involves a much wider range of goods and services. Biggest difference between before and now : level of finance and cash flow. (exemple : electronic money that exist as digits in computers the current economy has no parallels in earlier times transfer money in 1 click. Globalization is not only new but revolutionary. Transformationalists Fin de 1ere partie : Giddens : I dont believe that either the sceptics or the radicals have properly understood either what it is or its implications for us. + It is wrong to think of globalization as just concerning the big systems, like the world financial order. Globalization isnt only about what is out here, remote and far away from the individual.. II) DISCUSSION ON GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC CRISIS https://vip2.uvm.edu/~sseguino/pdf/global_crisis.pdf How the factors that have shaped the globalization have influenced the economic crisis. How did the globalization of production influence the economic crisis How did the globalization of finance and trade influence the economic crisis http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0904.pdf Consequences of the economic crisis on the globalising world economy. x

College Freshman - How NOT to Gain Weight Essay -- Proposing a Solutio

College Freshman - How NOT to Gain Weight Starting college life is far from difficult; in fact it is fun starting a new way of life. Life without the constant objections from your parents and annoyance from your little sibling is one of the many advantages you gain from college. Cancelled classes, late night parties and deleterious amounts of food make college enjoyable; however, this can lead to weight gain. â€Å"Freshman 15† is not a myth and although you may not be unfortunate enough to gain 15 pounds, you might gain some weight. To avoid gaining weight, freshmen should eat healthy, avoid alcohol, and maintain a positive moral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the problems that cause weight gain is the lack of parental supervision over what the student consumes. In college, a student can easily stock themselves in fatty snacks such as Twinkies, cookies, chocolate, and chips. Also, the all-you-can-eat buffet seems to most likely run out of the pizza, french fries, and ice cream before the salad. A students schedule sometimes plays a factor in the consuming of too many snacks. If a student is in a hurry, he or she will grab a pop tart and be out of the door with a 200 calorie breakfast. A student should keep away from the high-fat snacks and concentrate on salubrious foods. At the cafeteria, a student should try to eat salads and attempt to eat new kinds of foods since the buffet has so much to offer. And for food on-the-go, one should try to buy healthy snacks or try to wake up earlier ...

University as I see it

Mr.. Rater, ladies and gentlemen I am grateful for the opportunity rendered by all of you to express my opinion in this fiercely controverter subject. To me the period between high school and work, or Post-graduate education, which is called by all of us University, is inevitably the most defining period in our life, as it ends our acquisition in school as well as precedes our career of utilizing what we've learned. For the sake of its special position – between learning and work, that defining period is ordained the special duty of being well seed to acquire some knowledge and abilities that will be soon made use of.Unlike any other period we've ever experienced or will experience, it is never a single period simply to learn something or to use what we've learned; it is a combination of learning and using. Another extraordinary identity of this period is that It's time when we are young and active. Being impressively influenced by the quotation â€Å"Be crazy before being ol d†, many of us have recognized that this is not only a period to forge us but a wonderful while to enjoy, as it will possibly be the last chance that we eve plenty of time to think, to plan, and dodo what we desire.Unfortunately many of us have only realized one of the two major use of university – mostly the entertaining one. They have well but Insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least rules and restrictions; they are doing whatever gratifies them – spending almost all the time they're awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the time, of course while absent from classes.The rest of whoever realized only one use of the period are completely doing oppositely to the former ones; they have always en studying and studying, any time they are not sleeping, even sometimes when they are. The commonly seen phenomenon mentioned above does not stand for what modern university students are all about; In fact It Is something that, If treated wisel y and courageously, can be largely reduced. And such wisdom and courage will be no more than a clear recognition of our Identity and the enormity attached to that Identity.With such recognition, our entertainment will be more relaxing when letting go the fatigue of working; with such recognition, we will realize that we are now not only students that shall learn as much as possible, but adults that need some abilities to take the responsibility of our life; with such recognition, we will soon have a vision of our future that's being more and more clear and close. We are still very young, so we have a lot of time and energy to make our life crazier, more wonderful, and more unforgettable.But we are no longer Immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some Irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, enjoyable when being done. And all these should be kept In mind during the defining period – university. Thank you all. University as I see it By rises career of utilizing what we'v e learned. For the sake of its special position – between any other period we've ever experienced or will experience, it is never a single period simply to learn something or to use what we've learned; it is a combination of learning and using.Another extraordinary identity of this period is that it's time entertaining one. They have well but insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least the time they're awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the hat modern university students are all about; in fact it is something that, if treated be no more than a clear recognition of our identity and the enormity attached to that identity.With such recognition, our entertainment will be more relaxing when letting and more unforgettable. But we are no longer immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, enjoyable when being done. And all these should be kept in mind during the defining period – university. Thank

Chasing liberty essays

Chasing liberty essays In the movie called Chasing Liberty, a typical teenage movie with romance, love and comedy give us a great example of what a romantic comedy truly is. As a romantic comedy, it is usually a story about two people who have strong feelings for one another, but however they cannot. In Chasing Liberty, it is a story about Anna Foster, the daughters president and Ben Calder, a secret agent. Inevitably, Anna finds a way to live like a normal teenager by ditching the agents who consistently track every move she makes. In a wild escape one night in the town of Prague, she meets a mysterious man whom she knows as Ben. As she takes on her European adventure, she falls in love with Ben, not realizing that Ben is also an agent watching out for her. This prevents him from telling the truth in his requited love for Anna because of the fact that if Anna discovered his identity, it will affect what he does. Because Ben has a sense of dignity and pride in what he does, he knows he must act professionally and not destroy his cover. Nevertheless, Ben finds himself under the influence of power over which he has no control over and suffers in his wil l to keep his love for Anna. The hindering and helping characters in this movie are both Annas parents. As Anna goes on her crazy adventure, her parents realize that they do not want Ben to be the one watching her any further. Back at home, Anna mends her broken heart as she felt deceived by Ben in telling her who he was, until the end of both their journey. She tries to find a way to forget about Ben and after a long period of time away at college, her dad, the president tells Ben that he is no longer an agent, but has been doing something he really loves. This ultimately gives hints to Anna, who has matured and taken the mind and body of an adult, that she is able to see Ben. In the end, they are inseparable as if they met for the first time. ...

9 Words with More Than One Spelling in British English

9 Words with More Than One Spelling in British English 9 Words with More Than One Spelling in British English The United States was founded to escape the tyranny of the King of England. It is appropriate, then, that American English has also escaped the tyranny of British English. In particular, we should be grateful that most words only have one spelling in American English. In British English, by comparison, many words have more than one spelling depending on how they’re used. And this makes it easy to make mistakes! So to make sure your writing is always error free, check out this list of nine words with more than one spelling in British English. 1. Practice vs. Practise In American English, â€Å"practice† is both a noun and a verb. For example: Noun (US): The doctor is at her practice. Verb (US): The doctor is practicing medicine. But this term has more than one spelling in British English, where the verb form is â€Å"practise†: Noun (UK):  The doctor is at her practice. Adjective (UK): The doctor is practising medicine. So if you’re writing for a British audience, make sure to use an â€Å"s† in this word when it’s a verb and a second â€Å"c† only when it is a noun. 2. Curb vs. Kerb The word â€Å"curb† has two meanings in American English. One is â€Å"restrain something.†Ã‚   This sense of â€Å"curb† is the same in British English: American English: We need to curb food waste. British English: We need to curb food waste. But we also use â€Å"curb† to refer to the raised edge of a sidewalk. And in British English, this word is spelled â€Å"kerb† instead. So make sure to use â€Å"kerb† with a â€Å"k† if you are writing for Brits: American English: I tripped on the curb while crossing the road. British English: I tripped on the kerb while crossing the road. 3. Dependent vs. Dependant In American English, â€Å"dependent† is both a noun and an adjective. The noun form of this word means â€Å"a person that depends on someone else† (e.g., children). As an adjective, â€Å"dependent† has a more general meaning of â€Å"reliant on† and applies to more than just people. For example: Noun (US): He is a single man with no dependents. Adjective (US): Their performance is dependent on their star player. But in British English, the noun form of this word is spelled â€Å"dependant†: Noun (UK): He is a single man with no dependants. Adjective (UK): Their performance is dependent on their star player. 4. License vs. Licence â€Å"License† is both a noun (i.e., a permit) and a verb (i.e., the act of licensing something) in American English. As such, we always know to spell this word with an â€Å"s† regardless of the context: Noun (US): Do you have a valid driver’s license? Verb (US): We are licensed to operate in this state. However, as with â€Å"practice† and â€Å"practise,† British English uses a different spelling in each case: Noun (UK): Do you have a valid driver’s licence? Verb (UK): We are licensed to operate in this state. It is worth noting here that the Brits use a â€Å"c† spelling for the noun with both â€Å"practice† and â€Å"licence.† And likewise, the verb forms are both spelled with an â€Å"s† in British English. This makes it easier to remember the correct spellings of these words when writing for a British audience. 5. Draft vs. Draught In British English, the words â€Å"draught† and â€Å"draft† sound exactly the same. However, each term has its own uses. The word â€Å"draught† for example, can mean any of the following: A current of cool air (e.g., Can you feel a draught in here?) An animal that pulls a heavy load (e.g., Horses are draught animals) Beer or cider served from a barrel or tank (e.g., A pint of draught ale) The word â€Å"draft,† meanwhile, primarily refers to: A rough version of something (e.g., A draft copy of my novel) An order to pay money (e.g., A banker’s draft) Military conscription (e.g., To be drafted into the army) But we use â€Å"draft† for all six senses in American English, which is easier to remember! And to add to the confusion, Brits also call the boardgame checkers â€Å"draughts.† 6. Tire vs. Tyre All English speakers use â€Å"tire† as a verb meaning â€Å"grow weary.† For example: I tire of British spellings very quickly. But while we also use â€Å"tire† to mean â€Å"rubber wheel covering,† British people spell this word â€Å"tyre.† For instance: American English: I keep a spare tire in my car at all times. British English: I keep a spare tyre in my car at all times. Look out for this spelling when using the term in British English. 7. Meter vs. Metre One common difference between British and American English is the use of â€Å"-er† and â€Å"-re† word endings. The â€Å"-er† ending is standard in American English (e.g., center or theater), while British English tends to use the older â€Å"-re† version (e.g., centre or theatre). We also see this with metric measurements, including words like â€Å"meter† and â€Å"centimeter,† which are spelled with the â€Å"-re† ending in British English: American English: A meter is roughly 1.094 yards. British English: A metre is roughly 1.094 yards. The same applies when discussing the concept from music or poetry: American English: The poem changes its meter half way through. British English: The poem changes its metre half way through. But it does not apply when discussing a device for measuring something (e.g., a thermometer or barometer). In this case, British English uses the same spelling of â€Å"meter† as American English. 8. Program vs. Programme In American English, the spelling â€Å"program† is used for the following: Software for a computer (e.g., A new spellchecking program for PC) A series of events or activities (e.g., A training program) A television or radio broadcast (e.g., A TV program) The information given out at a performance (e.g., A program for a play) But British English only uses â€Å"program† for the first definition above. In all non-computing contexts, the British spelling is â€Å"programme† instead. 9. Check vs. Cheque Finally, in American and British English, â€Å"check† is common a verb. Usually, it means â€Å"examine,† such as in the following: I checked the timetable and we need to leave. This term has other meanings, too, and in almost every case it is spelled â€Å"check.† But there is one exception. While we use â€Å"check† as a noun to mean â€Å"an order to pay an amount of money from a bank account,† the British spell this version of the word â€Å"cheque†: American English: Do you accept payment by check? British English: Do you accept payment by cheque? Luckily, though, the spelling of â€Å"credit card† is the same in all forms of English.

Choose one strength and one weakness of Parsons sick role model. Do Assignment

Choose one strength and one weakness of Parsons sick role model. Do you agree with them Why or why not - Assignment Example One of the strengths of Parson’s sick role model is that it provides a rational background through which people can understand deviant behaviour and excuse it. I agree with this strength because sick people are actually not able to perform normal duties. This is because their health conditions and metabolic activities are impaired. Parson argues that the sick are supposed to be exempted from normal obligations until they recover. Parson enables people to understand the reasons for the sick not working properly; hence, people are made to appreciate the sick role and volunteer to help them during the recovery process (Hart 28). The model also enables doctors to build beneficial relationships with the patients, which prevents physicians from acting on their own interests rather than the interests of the physicians. The weakness in Parsons sick role model is that the model did not consider chronic illnesses and disabilities. I agree with this weakness because Parson was too specific to acute illnesses and avoided a sick role that is permanent and not transitional. Acute illnesses are characterized by patient passivity and physician assertiveness while chronic illnesses involves physicians participating in a treatment plan and patients bearing the responsibility of helping themselves (Hart 32). As people advance in age, chronic illnesses they suffer from in their life can deviance labels, which is not actually the

Video response on training day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video response on training day - Essay Example cer does.† Alonzo does not manifest respect for the law and justifies his unethical behavior by stating â€Å"police can do whatever they want.† Alonzo manifest minimal obligation to the constitution since the laws derives from the constitution, which is the supreme law. The paper explores the film relative to the ethical framework of relativism and legal moralism. Ethical relativism infers the theory that asserts that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture, meaning that whether an action is right or wrong hinges on the prevailing moral norms within the society (Banks, 2004). The definition of Alonzo’s concept of Street Justice takes the view that is not worth dealing with petty crimes, which entail drug sales and crack addicts. He continues that, his mandate entail dealing with the â€Å"big fish† rather than the â€Å"maggots on the street.† In line with this observation, street justice represents a brand of outlaw behavior embodying taking the law into a person’s own hands, whether the decision arise out of frustration, madness, rage, or an authentic belief that this is the right thing to do (Banks, 2004). Defenders of legal moralism assert that governments also manifest an unchained right to enforce harmless immoralities. Nevertheless, all governments can utilize their coercive power to prevent individuals from engaging in diverse harmless activities that perceived as immoral. It is evident in the film that Alonzo values the informal norms of his department that sanction corruption, street justice, and police misconduct. Alonzo is of the view that his decisions are supreme that he can be the law (Pollock, 2010). Street justice is linked to handling deviant behavior by circumventing the provisions dictated by the criminal justice system, whereby justice viewed as swift and the punishment rendered suits the crime committed. As such, revenge is frequently related to this concept; instead of depending on the police and the government/federal

Russian Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Russian Art - Research Paper Example This Byzantine artistic practice of painting saints and biblical scenes was largely dictated and influenced by church canons. The late 19th century saw the shift to Russia’s version of the Arts and Crafts movement that mostly relied on traditional Russian applied arts. It was during this era that Style Moderne or Art Nouveau was predominantly embraced by Russian artists like Mikhail Vrubel (Charlton 23). The early 20th century Russia was a time of political upheaval which consequently fueled Russia’s artistic growth. It was during this era that Russian Avante-Garde movement flourished. It is characterized by angular shapes, vibrant colors, and representative of the urban landscape and lifestyle that effectively replaced the rural scenes that were the major subjects of the previous era. Abstract art were represented through genres of Futurism, Rayonism, and Suprematism. Belarusian Marc Chagall, Kasimir Malevich, and Mikhail Larionov were some of the artists that defined this movement. Political upheavals that characterized most of the 1920s up to the 1930s played a role in harnessing the creativity of free-thinking artists as their works were used for propaganda materials, posters, sculptures, and public spaces. It was the ‘propaganda poster’ movement wherein artistic expressions where predominantly aligned with political ideologies. By the late 20th century, when freedom is achieved and a new millennium is dawning, artistic constrictions pave the way for bold, experimental artistic expression (Charlton 23-24). Highlighting Byzantine Art movement of Russia is an interesting topic because it was in this country that this artistic movement is most enduring. Unlike other European countries, Russia’s artistic movement did not undergo a Romanesque or a Gothic phase. It did not even experience any comprehensive renaissance. Byzantine art endured and virtually remained unchanged despite the wars,

Patents and Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

Patents and Intellectual Property Essay Patents and Intellectual Property Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A patent is a set of rights given exclusively to an individual or firm by an independent nation to the inventor or discoverer for a given duration in exchange for detailed information on the details of the inventions or discovery (Foray 28). Inventions that can be patented are new products, processes of manufacturing, improvements to an existing product or process, new chemical compounds or compositions, or processes relating of an existing manufacturing process (Perelman n.p.). This form of intellectual property encourages the economic and technological development by rewarding intellectual creativity. Patents are a crucial part for advancements in science based professions such as medicine, biotechnology, computers and even drug chemistry. These advancements have born great fruits which have all been aimed at improving the life of mankind. In this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of patent laws and foreign investment, trade, innovation, public health, generic resources and traditional knowledge will be discussed. Patent laws have improved the life of investors greatly, this has led to greater determinations in patenting other products, and in the process, greater, and discoveries that are more useful have been made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patents laws are set up to ensure that the owner of intellectual property benefits from his or her invention. The law gives the owner freedom of choice to do what they require with the invention as long as it does not conflict with other existing laws. The inventor can sell the patent at any market price they believe is commensurable, they can license the patent to others for use and in the process collect royalties from the users which increases their financial stability (Gold 135). Patent laws also offers a sense of protection to the inventors for the stipulated time (usually twenty years), and this approach usually is a disadvantage to the competitors in the same line of work. These laws also prohibit dealing with patented goods without permission from the patent holder and this ensures that pirating of patented goods or services is a prosecutable case whereby one can be sentenced to jail or heavily fined (Perelman n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong patent laws are a major attraction to foreign investors who are assured of the protection of their goods or services. They are thus confident about imitations of their product, which has lead to an increased net demand of their products leading to higher marginal profits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intellectual laws act as an attraction and assurance to foreign investors as their business is enabled a fair play ground to compete with existing indigenous firms (Smarzynska 41). Strong patent laws also offer a location attraction to foreign investors opting for areas with enhanced patent laws. This has lead to further development and improvement of economies of such areas as compared to areas whose laws are not well established. Stronger intellectual property rights can be a deterrent to new foreign investors since existing firms may have already established large market bases which may not be easy to break through. With this kind of market, monopolistic ventures may mushroom to the disadvantage of consumers since they may overprice their commodities due to lack of competitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patent laws create ownership advantages conferring to firms serving the foreign markets (Cooter, Ulen 124). Through the provision of legal redress against any violations, markets are expanded and increase in both multilateral and bilateral trades. Patent laws increase bilateral exchange to foreign markets by reducing the costs associated with preventing loss of knowledge assets. Such costs consist of foregone revenues resulting from reduced bilateral exchange and or expenses incurred to make knowledge assets difficult to imitate especially when the destination country has strong imitative abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong intellectual property laws can increase market power and even though strong laws enhance ownership advantage, this enhanced ownership can increase or decrease bilateral exchange. The market power concept holds that strong rights reduce bilateral exchange by ensuring a temporary monopoly over the protected knowledge. This market power is attributed to the patent holder, whether domestic or foreign. Firms that secure strong patent protection in foreign markets can exercise their market power by restricting quantity and increasing the unit price of bilateral exchange to that market (Fink and Primo 26).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Forays (13), strong patent laws provide incentives for people and firms to invest in research. Where there exists strong patent laws, inventors and innovators are energized since any benefits are accrued to them. With weak patent laws a free market economy fails to induce an optimal investment in research, development and innovation, since investors would not be able to recoup the full benefit from their investment. Patent laws also give strong ownership advantages to firms in developed countries, which encourage them to transfer their technology to developing countries through market channels at a cost. Strong patent laws may also be a disadvantage since they may lead to increased market power which results in high cost of technology transfer. In cases where there exist weak patent laws, this provides a loophole for technology transfer in non-market channels which would greatly disadvantage the innovators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patents are important to pharmaceutical firms as they help in appropriating the benefits to the innovators. Moreover, products and the development process are protected from imitators in order to avoid replication of same drug. The process of drug development is quite costly averaging at about 1billion US dollars for the actual discovery, development and regulation approval (Shimasaki, 123). However, patenting novel drugs is essential and only beneficial in developed countries where many firms may want to set up drug manufacturing firms. According to Vernon (14), the expensive process of research and development is usually compensated by profits, which arise from patent protection. Patent laws in drug development are quite complicated since while patenting new drug protects the producers from unscrupulous firms may also increase the cost of the drugs thus making them unaffordable to needy people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of patenting innovations in public health may be long and tiresome which may discourage innovations. However due to emergence of tropical diseases in the developing world patenting may act as an incentive for continued research in both drug development and innovations of new procedures for their early diagnosis and treatment. All this will lead to improved health care for patients especially in developing countries where cost of drugs is beyond the reach of the majority who are struggling. Patent laws encourage the development of medicinal compounds or products. These conditions being rare are not economically viable for the pharmaceutical firms since the profits margins are so minimal thus little research is channeled towards them. However, through patenting, firms that delve into this kind of research because they are protected exclusively thus giving them the sole ownership rights to manufacture and distribute them at a give n cost (Gold 131-132). This enables them to make profits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weak patent laws in the health sector have been associated by rise of firms, which exploit the whole process of drug development. Drug imitators can benefit from innovators’ free approval and produce duplicate drugs at a much lower cost relative to the real cost of discovering and developing the new product. Patenting the genetic resources and traditional knowledge ensures that people who participated in the development of the new information are acknowledged for the work they have done. To scholars being acknowledged builds confidence in them and is a motivator for them to work even harder. By them being acknowledged, it shows that they become authorities in their specific fields, which further leads to production of more accurate and high quality new knowledge. Patent laws regarding information are in conflict with human rights since patent information should be made public for the benefit of all. It is not easy to relate patent l aws and human rights since it exist in different perspectives on the same depending on the contributors (Gold 186). As such, information should be easily accessible at minimal cost affordable to all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In production of pharmaceuticals, patents laws restricted patent term to 20 years, this was disadvantageous to people who developed drugs for infrequent illness because sales of the drugs could not give adequate returns within the period. It was until 1984 that the congress amended the drug act by coming up with orphan drugs act that extended the period of patents to 25 years in order to allow developers to pay-back the cost of development and get profits (Gold 132). In addition, patent restricted use of available drugs for research of new drugs development. This presented a challenge to development of new and generic drugs until when the congress amended the patent laws to allow use of drugs for research purposes. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patent laws have more strength compared to weaknesses but it depends on the patent issue. Through patenting, the innovators and inventors are not only recognized as the owner of the emerging products but they also have various benefits such as financial gains to payback on the capital invested. The patent are only limited to 20 years, which in some cases is disadvantageous to products with weak marketing such as orphan drugs. The government intervention has resulted in developers reaping high profits for their ideas, and products over a given period. The weakness of patent is limitation on research where they restrict third party from using the original product or idea to develop new product thus slowing research and improvements of the existing ones. Hence, caution is necessary to ensure that patenting does not give rise to monopolies, which would discourage competition at the expense of the consumers. References Cooter, Robert and Ulen, Thomas. Intellectual Property in Law and Economics 5th ed. Toronto: Pearson, 2008. Fink, Carsten. and C.A. Primo Braga. ‘How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows’. In C. Fink and E. Mansfield (eds) Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research. New York: World Bank/Oxford University Press. (2004). Print. Foray, Dominique. Technology Transfer in the TRIPS Age: The Need for New Types of Partnerships between the Least Developed and Most Advanced Economies. Geneva international Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (2009). Gold, Richard E. Patents and Human Rights: A Heterodox Analysis. Journal of Law,Medicines and Ethics, 41(1) (2013):185-198. Perelman, Michael. â€Å"In Patents We Trust: How the U.S. Government Learned to Stop Worrying about Monopoly and Love Intellectual Property.† MR Zine (2005). Shimasaki, Craig D. The Business of Bioscience: What Goes into Making a Biotechnology Product. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. Print. Smarzynska Javorcik, B. ‘The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies’. Journal of European Economic Review 48(1) (2004): 39–62. Vernon, J.A. ‘Examining the Link between Price Regulation and PharmaceuticalResearch and Development Investment’. Journal of Health Economics 14(1) (2005): 1–16. 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Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group INTRODUCTION A companys growth can normally happen in one of the two ways. Organic or inorganic growth. Merger and acquisition mainly results from inorganic growth. In the early 1990s, there was a great increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. Lloyds TSB has recently grown through a further acquisition. By acquiring HBOS (Halifax/Bank of Scotland) plc, the Lloyds Banking Group has become the largest retail bank in the UK. Around half of all people in the UK (30 million) now bank with the Lloyds Banking Group. The group has the largest branch network of any UK bank and 140,000 staff. The acquisition also means that the new group has a broader range of expertise with multiple brands under its banner. It is a more diverse business, with stronger market presence in areas such as mortgages, insurance, finance and investments. With refer to this merger and acquisitions hold major organizational behavior challenges such as Change of Human Resources Management, Culture, Conflict and change within the organizational for managers at various levels of the firms involved. This paper attempts to chronicle the acquisition of HBOS bank by Lloyds TSB bank that tried to create the UKs leading financial services group. Unlike previously written papers that describe the performance of the firm before and after the acquisition, this paper focuses on the human resources management, culture, conflict and change issues involved in the acquisition before and after the acquisition is completed. This paper tries to explain the organizational behavior of the acquired banks personnel and what their expectations, fears, hopes, and beliefs are before and after the transaction takes place. 1.0 Background of Lloyds TSB Group Lloyds TSB is a leading UK based financial services group providing a wide range of banking and financial services, primarily in the UK, to personal and corporate customers. The main business activities are retail, commercial and corporate banking, general insurance, and life, pensions and investment provision. The Group has a large and diversified customer base and services are offered through a number of well recognized brands (Lloyds TSB, Cheltenham Gloucester, Scottish Widows), and via a unique distribution capability comprising one of the largest branch networks in the UK and intermediary channels. On January 16, 2009, Lloyds Banking Group plc acquired HBOS plc. In November 2009, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation completed the acquisition of Insight Investment Management Limited from the Company. Lloyds TSB Group is quoted on the London Stock Exchange and is one of the largest companies within the FTSE 100, with a market capitalization of  £26.7 billion on 31 December 2007. At the end of 2007 total group assets were  £353 billion and the Group has nearly 70,000 employees. Total income for the 12 months to 31 December 2007 was  £18 billion with profit before tax totaling  £4 billion. The group activities are organized into three businesses: UK Retail Banking, Insurance and Investments and Wholesale and International Banking. Question (i) 2.0 Human Resource Management Human Resources Management (HRM) can play a very important role in the success of HBOS merger. HRM is acting an important source of the input while evaluating whether to go ahead with a given merger or not. According to Carter McNamara The HRM function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. (Carter McNamara, 2009) 2.1Challenges faced by new organization 2.1.1HR policies HRM help in ensuring that the employees of acquired new organization remain motivated after the merger. According to the Fisher (1989), transfer of the HRM practices can be difficult in organizations with different cultures compared to transfer of other resources like technology, capital and others. But this does not deter the transfer of HRM practices. It is further important to differentiate between the requirements of various organizations and it is not necessary a uniform policy can be successful across the broad. After the merger, HR policies are directed focus at two directions. The first one, is to achieve integration and provide a good working environment through a good compensation policy and training programs. Secondly, the main objective of the HR policies is to meet broader objective like bringing about a culture change in the organization. According to Fisher (1989), immediately after merger there is focus to make the operations move profitability and productive, as a result to focus on restricting operations and cutting costs. One of the key tool applied is downsizing the workforce. So, new management uses merger an opportunity to implement some of the difficult decisions in both the acquired and acquirer organization. 2.1.2Changing new strategy The merger is essential to define new common strategies to align the new organization towards its new vision. According to Recklies (2001), the vision of the merged organization is one of the first issues to be addressed before merger stage of the process of the transaction. The Lloyds TSB is necessary to align the HRM strategy of the new organization with the MA strategy. According to Aguilera and Dencker (2004) the following conceptual tools have been used to identify the key HRM challenges in MA key: Resources- people and capital Processes- activities involved in converting inputs to output Values- employees mode of thinking Table 1: Comparison of various merger strategic based on certain conceptual tools in the new organization HR tools Overcapacity strategy Product/market Extension strategy Substitute to RD strategy Resources Reduce in manpower. Downsizing strategy is essential for achieving economic of scale. Reserve of manpower as the managers of the two organizations specializes in different function. Reserve of employees in order to facilitate sharing of technology and knowledge. Processes Processes are similar and not much changes are required. Processes are different and their integration is one of the key issues for the success in the merger. Training system can help in this regard. Processes of the participating organization are different and need to be aligned with the help of training to help on transfer of knowledge. Value Differences in values are not much different if the organization is operating in the same geography and market. Values are differences and should be integrated smoothly. Value is similar and can be aligned easily. 2.1.3 Structure issues Due to the acquisition with HBOS, this is an important decision to be made by HR during the integration of the merger is determination of the management structure. According to Anderson (1998), this is a decision that should be made as soon as the deal for the merger is signed by both the parties to avoid confusion among the manager about their roles in the new organization. A centralized structure with well defined relationships is necessary in order to enable quick decision making and accountability among the managers. Conflicts are likely to occur while designing the organizational structure due to the assignment of positions in the hierarchy. This can be prevented to certain extent by ensuring the managers from both the organizations are present in the different layers of the organization. The determination of the hierarchy of the organizations should be purely based on the merit. 2.1.4 Leadership issues After the merger, a new clear leadership will be appointed. These appointments are subject to formal FSA approval and will become effective upon the completion of the HBOS acquisition. (Source from Lloyds TSB press release) According to Sitkin and Pablo (2004), a clear leadership has a positive impact on the employees of the organization. Leadership includes the individual leader of the organization at the top and both the top management. According to De Georgio (2003), the management is likely to face the barriers while deciding the leaders of the organization: Lack of time Lack of information about candidates from the other organization Culture conflict Split in the differences in culture, the leader should be able to communicate the mission, values and vision of the organization successfully to the employees. 2.1.5 Downsizing and persisting key talent The merger usually results to redundant people. The objective of the new entity is to persist with the most capable person regardless of the original company they belong in. The process is not based on the objective measures and fairness it could change the attitude of employees towards the merger and employees may not look at it favorable. This will make employee focus on their personal job security and worries rather than on the larger organizational objectives. The management is reluctant to communicate with the employees of these issues in before merging stage. Any failure in the communication or vague communication will makes the employees uncertain about their career and future role in the organization. They may seek other information source like informal communication and rumors which has a very negative impact on their performance and also will increase the anxiety. The only way to solve this matter for the management is to open a frequent channel of communication with the employees. Regular and honest communication can stabilizing the effect on the employees. For more effective in the communication, the management should address the issues that are most relevant to the employee such as layoffs, compensation, change in benefits and change in responsibilities. 2.1.6 Culture integration issues The new organization will faced culture integration issue. Where, this is the toughest matter that companies face in merger is the two different cultures. According to Bowick who lead the HR through the HP-deal merger deal day its critical to get people speaking the same language. For instance, discovered the people at both organizations were using the term customer solution, but it meant different thing to each of them. In order to solve culture integration, HR management needs to be the first to identify the disconnexion and get discussion. The role of HR in the whole merger process has undergone changes in given the failures in number of deals that due to problems in cultural integration. (Bowick, 2002) The key role of the HR manager will face after merging phase is to identify the mission, vision, values and culture that the organization plan to implement. These activities of HR manager in the integration process is include the aligning and defining employees with the strategies vision, developing effective communication channel, integration philosophy, conflict management and defining uniform HR practices across the whole entity. The HR managers need to make a proper assessment of the new organizations culture. There is also a trend that the HR executive needs interviews with the senior management of the new organization to evaluate the leadership qualities. HR Executive also need to create a profile of the best practices of the organization and compare it with their own staff to identify similarities and differences. Besides that, HR executives also need to identify common points in the two culture from where they can base the whole process of the integration after the acquisition. 2.1.7 Conflict management Conflict is likely to occur almost the employees in the after merging phase. HR manager need to keep in place on conflict resolution and escalation plan. It is also responsible for organizing training the managers in conflict management. Conflict can often arise due to culture differences, control, structure, not clear demarcation of role and responsibilities, organizational hierarchy and miscommunication. Through these issue of conflict resolution will be part of the integration plan the HR should be ready for contingencies. Question (ii) 3.0 Culture Organization can be conduct in many ways such as culture, virtual, organism, brain, political system and so on. Organizational culture is the first issues that they need to consider to acquisition HBOS. Organization culture refers to the general culture within an organization, and is always also referred to as corporate culture, though that isnt the best description since a large non-profit organization or charity could also have its own organizational culture even though they are definitely not corporations. Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. (Morgan, 1997) Figure 1- Ways of seeing an organization (2006 p.139 fig.5.4) Brooks claims there are many ways of seeing an organization. Organism Virtual Organizational is aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Brain Culture Political System Machine The Lloyds TSB takeover of HBOS is not only means merging of two different financial organizations but also an acquisition of two different cultures. The new management have to be ready to facing new challenges when the two organisations are merging. Bicultural audit is important for the merging of two organisations culture. This audit produces data for starting work platform, strategy required for successful merger. The three types are as follows: Identification of cultural gap- Is comparing the values, vision and management behaviour for both companies, this phase recognizes the gap. Analysis of cultural gap- This phase brings out the similarities and dissimilarities between the two organizational cultures. Culture bridging- Refer to the basis of the above two informations the data management team can start the bridging of culture process.(Bicultural Audit, by Richard Cook) 3.1 The Cultural perspective: According to Brooks I (2006 p.140) Culture and organization can be viewed as an iceberg, a metaphor which suggests you to see on the surface masks a much deeper, mystical and powerful reality. Lloyds TSB HBOS It seen that though Lloyds TSB, they have merged with many companies in previously, they were all similar culture so that the original culture of Lloyds TSB is still stayed undiluted. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) Lloyds TSB is based on Artifacts: Recruit talented people through tough selection procedure. Customer oriented. Employees rewarded on the basis of client satisfaction. Create framework for employee clear learning and future needs. Provide personal development programs for employees. Their Anglo-Scottish merger earlier between Halifax and Bank of Scotland however it seems have resulted in dilution of both cultures. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) HBOS is based on Values: Market savvy. Younger. Mortgage expertise. Rewards-oriented company. 3.2 Type of Culture between Lloyds TSB and HBOS Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB is based on role cultured: Produce more output in good environment. Strong banking system. HBOS is based on task cultured: Focused on goals. Work in team. It seems there are cultural differences between Lloyds TSB and HBOS, due to these culture differences it can make misunderstandings, fuelled emotional reactions, and conflicts. This can conduct to negative attitudes by the key top managers and be a major obstacle to the successful integration of the two organizations. Cultural differences will appear to be a critical factor in creating such an atmosphere and obtaining peoples cooperation. Figure 2: As per Deal Kennedy Feedback-Rise Model: High Risk HBOS High Risk High Feedback Bet your company culture High Risk Lloyds TSB -Low Risk -High Feedback -Process driven culture Feedback High As per Hofstedes study model (Source: Social Responsibility Report 07/08) Lloyds TSB HBOS Power distance High-Disciplined Low-Acceptance of responsibility Uncertainty Avoidance High- Precision Low- Basic innovations Collectivism vs. Individualism High-Employee commitment Low- Management mobility Masculinity vs. Feminity High-Mass production, efficiency and bulk chemistry Low- Personal service, custom made products and biochemistry Long vs. Short term orientation High- Developing markets Low- Fast adaptation 4.0 Conflict Is process that begins when an organization or party perceives differences and opposition between itself and another organization or party about interest and resources, belief, values or practices that matter to them. According to Gareth R. Jones and Jennifer M. Georges, conflict is the discord that arises when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or thwart one anothers attempts to achieve their objective. (Gareth R. Jones and M. George, 2008) 4.1 Positive of conflict 4.1.1 Clarification of view The Boards of HBOS and Lloyds TSB believe that the Acquisition is a compelling business combination which offers substantial benefits for shareholders and customers. There is a clarification of view in the Acquisition is accelerates to build the UKs leading financial services company by focusing on growing sustainable earnings streams, based on deep customer relationships. 4.1.2 A chance for people to test their capabilities The group has excellent breadth and balance with strong positions in Retail, Corporate Banking, SME Business Banking and Long Term Savings. The group will have a substantial direct personal customer base and the means to unlock the significant commercial opportunities offered by Lloyds TSBs and HBOSs. The combined group will benefit from a portfolio of strong and trusted brands including Bank of Scotland, Halifax, CG and Scottish Widows. With these strong trusted brands, customers have more confident to choices or try the different products that the new organization offers. 4.1.3 Long-standing problems brought to the surface and resolved Normally, cost synergies savings are always a long-term issues for organization to solve, with the merger with HBOS will lead to an additional contribution to earnings before tax from cost synergies significantly in excess of  £1 billion per year. 4.1.4 To produce better idea The Acquisition brings together two of the leading retailers in UK financial services, with strengths in customer relationship management, product design, branch sales processes and in telephone and internet banking through gain sustainability competitive advantage in banking industry. 4.2 Conflict comparison between Lloyds and HBOS 4.2.1 Differences in perception Lloyds TSB Remains to grow the business through developing long-term customer relationships and building customer franchise. HBOS Delivering growth in profits to its many shareholders and transparent, fair, value-for-money products and services to its customers. Positive Argument Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information to achieve the organizational goals. The important of perception is to find innovative solution for the problems, to leverage creativity and motivation the higher plateau of thinking, to help of perception, habits and attitudes will get changed and can find solution the most difficult problems. Negative Argument Lloyds TSB and HBOS may have different motives on perception going such as increasing market share, achieving economic of scale, entering new market, acquiring new technologies, warding off threats of hostile takeover and diversification. Different perception might cause the failure in Merging. 4.2.2 The Nature of work activities Lloyds TSB HBOS Its main business activities are Retail Commercial and corporate banking General insurance and life Pensions and investment provision. The HBOS Groups products and services can be categorized into the following business divisions: Retail Corporate Insurance Investment Strategy International Treasury and Asset Management. Positive Argument The merge of Lloyds TSB and HBOS were similar nature of working activities so there is no much changes of the organizations business or activities. In might change in the staffs working activities such as changing department, office and so on. With this change, staffs will beneficial in changing new working environment where some of the staff had feel bored, inefficiency with the current position. Secondly, staffs are able to learn new skills in the new working place. Negative Argument Change nature of activities will change characteristics, beliefs, values, and expectations. Some of the staff will have demanding in the salaries, position, rewards and so on. Besides that, changes a persons nature of working activities might waste time because the person might not have the skills or confident with the department they change it need to take time to learn. 4.2.3 Role Conflict Lloyds TSB HBOS And despite its black horse logo, Lloyds TSB is more of an old nag, following the market and paying poor rates to long-standing customers. Lloyds TSB, on the other hand, markets decent-sounding accounts to new savers but then closes them, often paying dreadful rates of interest to those still stuck in them. In Lloyds TSBs subsidiary Cheltenham Gloucester has complicated accounts which dock interest when you take money out or limit you to a certain number of withdrawals a year from an easy access account. Halifax has a reputation as an innovator when it comes to savings accounts its behavior can still hark back to its building society roots as it balances the interest of savers and borrowers. For instance, Halifax was among the first to offer a regular savings account paying a top rate of interest. Halifax makes a great effort to persuade its savers to move from old accounts to better-paying ones, and has been a leader in trying to reunite savers with old, forgotten accounts. Positive Argument: Role is an important process functional in an organization. May increase efficiency in process and product and services and gain competitive advantage in banking industry. Negative Argument Changes in role for both organizations will have negative impact such as inefficiency structure, lack process, take longer time than previously, and change in new rules and regulation and so on. 4.2.4 Departmentalism and specialization Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB Corporate Markets is one of the UKs leading providers of corporate banking, supporting businesses with an annual turnover in excess of  £15m. We provide specialized financing to a range of industry sectors. Some of these services include: Cash management and payments, Foreign exchange and risk management, Loans and bonds, Trade finance, Structured investments. It is about integrating business activities so that HBOS acts as a good corporate citizen and meets the expectations of its stakeholders: colleagues, customers, shareholders, Government, the media and society. Included amongst the activities that HBOS aim to integrate are: Marketplace products, financial literacy, inclusion promoting the interests of shareholders and customers; dealing fairly with suppliers. Employment total reward, diversity, wellbeing how HBOS aim to attract and retain the best workforce. Community community investment, volunteering, sponsorship how HBOS manage our relationship with society in general. Environment responsible resource stewardship, etc. managing organizational environmental impacts effectively. Positive Argument: Departmentalism and specialization is a structures and the performance of the respective firms. By working in departmentalism and specialization, the staff in Lloyds TSB and HBOS are able to work efficiently through their skills, knowledge, professional and interest. Negative Argument Failure on departmentalism and specialization, the organization will not perform well, loss on business profit, lack of efficient, organization collapse, in a mess daily function and so on. 4.2.5 Limited Resources Lloyds TSB HBOS Branches: 1,900 Employees: 70,000 Customers: 16 million Savings: Lloyds is the UKs fourth largest saving provider. Retail saving balance:  £65 billion Revenue:  £18 billion (2007) Profit:  £4 billion (2007) Branches: 1,100 Employees: 72,000 Customers: 22 million Savings: HBOS is the market leader Retail saving balance: £139 billion Revenue:  £21,291 million (2007) Operating income:  £5,149 million (2007) Profit:  £4,109 million (2007) Positive Argument Mergers and acquisitions generally succeed in generating cost efficiency through the implementation of economies of scale. It may also lead to tax gains and can even lead to a revenue enhancement through market share gain. With refer to the acquisition; Lloyds TSB could achieve cost saving from the  £1.5 billion a year. Negative Argument In order to achieving revenue and cost synergies, Lloyds TSB and HBOS will face the conflict problems such as reduces 20,000 redundant staff, 164 branches network to close. 4.3 Conflict challenges faced between Lloyds TSB and HBOS are as follows: Lloyds TSB HBOS Job insecurity due to recession Financial crises in the market Searching for new investors Quick decision on merging with HBOS Financial crisis Fund raising from the whole sale market Misleading interview Clearing the picture about the organization 5.0Nature of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS Is refers to the overall nature of activities, such as their extent and rate, that occurs during acquisition that aims to enhance the overall performance of the organization. The activities are often led by a change agent, or person currently responsible to guide the overall change effort. The activities are often project-oriented and geared to address a current overall problem or goal in the organization. Besides that, organizational change also involve in external and internal environment of an organization is in a state of constant change. The organization has to re-adjust itself to this changing scenario in order to sustain competitive advantage in the market. 5.1 External forces of change External forces of change create from outside the organization. This is because these forces have global effects; they may cause an organization to question the essence of what business it is in and the process by which products and services are produced. There are four key external forces for change such as: demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes, and social and political pressures. 5.2 Internal force to change Internal forces to change are come from inside the organization. These forces may be subtle, such as low morale, or can manifest in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict. Internal forces for change also come from both human resource issues and managerial behavior. 5.2.1Human Resource issues This issues stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at job and the match between individual and organization needs and desires. 5.2.2Managerial Behavior Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both the manager and the employee may need interpersonal skills training, or the two individuals may simply need to be separated. 5.3 The stage of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS According to Robbins (2003), a well-known approach to managing change, that requires people to go through three separate processes, is called Lewins Three-Step Change Model. Lewin developed the threeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstage model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The three stages are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (p. 564). Figure 3: Movement of an organization from a status quo to a desired state The first transition step is unfreezing, requires a personnel to say goodbye to the way things used to be. The managers must understand that their employees are being asked to give up tasks and processes that have made their previous successful in the past and all the emotional and resistance factors will kick in if enough time is not allotted for this step. The second step is movement, when everyone shifts into neutral. The employees in the organization may have given up their old ways of accomplishing tasks, but they may not quite ready to start using the new process. Employees may seem a slight uncomfortable and there is often confusion. Managers have to manage movement step carefully if not the staffs may try to revert back to the old process. A comparison for unfreezing and movement differences is provided at below. The final step is refreezing, when everyone moves forward and starts accomplishing tasks in the new manner. Again, the great care must be taken when managing this st ep to identify resistance and prevent personnel from going back to the original process. Figure 4: The differences between unfreezing and movement Table: (a) An organization before the change; the Change Group is inactive (b) O Nanotechnology: An overview Nanotechnology: An overview Abstract Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf, term strickly for size and not chemical composition. According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine. These help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine. Another study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles is Nanotoxicity. This later one depends in the future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies. The communication between different areas in science to aid in the study of nanoparticles risk assessment, and toxicology. There are international efforts to study nanotoxicology. Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. The Amara Law is an advice to that as time pass when humans use the nanotechnology there increase in nanowaste. The interactions between nanoparticles and harmful environmental chemicals may lead to unique exposures and health risks. The research should focus in the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment. Therefore t here are developing laws to be applied for better research the better risk assessment. Regulations for efficiently develop useful and well-planned studies, and future recommendations to manage nanowaste. Nanotechnology is an applied science, growing by the creation of nanoconstructs and the presence of nanoparticles. This derived from nanoscience that is the science of the usage of materials in the nanometer scale. Nanoscience and nanotechnology developing areas of scientific interest in the entire world and have already become key for research and development (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. According to Richard Feynman, â€Å"Theres Plenty of Room at t the Bottom,† a presentation that is possible to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular scales (Hardman R. 2006). Nanoparticles are nanotechnology products, these accumulate creating waste. Nanoparticles are necessary for new medical advances. Studies are currently being done as a result of their impact to the environment. Therefore another subsection of nanotechnology emerges nanotoxicology. There is high demand for studies in risk assessmen t have led to cross communication among physical science and biological science scientists, and recent laws and regulations regarding these small particles. These nanomaterials have novel properties, and a great potential in becoming biologically active, that can lead to a environmental contamination (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Nanotechnology the enabling technology, that involves materials at the nanoscale. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The term Nano is strickly to size and not chemical composition in terms of nanoparticles (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin (Moreira S et al. 2009 ) , (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009),( Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007),(Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Because of the small size these particles are toxic, as a result of their greater surface area. Their toxicity of remains widely unknown and still poses concerns, due to the peculiar characteristics of materials in the nano-size range (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). The most common nanoparticles present in the environment are combustion derived nanoparticles, from an anthropogenic source (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). Nanoparticles are incorporated in many products from pharmaceuticals to catalysts. As an example, in 2 002 an indium tin oxide nanopowder manufacturing facility was launched by Samsung, used in the production of flat panel displays based on liquid crystals. Therefore the silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes now have the widest range of applications (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Balbus J et al. 2007). The expansion of the nanotechnology, resulted in further classification of nanoparticles in size, shape, charge, chemistry, coating and solubility (Elliott KC. 2007). Some examples of nanoconstructs are carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon derivative, quantum dots, and manufactured nanoparticles. Fullerene NanoCarbon60: Started since 1985 these are composed of 60 carbon atoms named Buckyballs o fullerenes, this discovery from Buckminster Fuller (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanoparticle induces lipid peroxidation, this according to a study in fish. The investigation included that it also induces oxidative stress, and upregulate genes related to the inflammatory response and metabolism, and that nanoC60 releases oxyradicals in in vitro systems, or act as an oxyradical scavenger (Zhu S et al. 2006). These carbon materials including nanotubes are popular in consumer products since 2006 according to the Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes and Asbestos: Started since 1991, these were synthesized, found to be 100 times stronger than steel. The unusual heat and conductivity characteristics of the nanotubes are important to further developing of new technology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Both asbestos and carbon nanotubes are consider to have major carcinogenic potential, they both act as needles to the cell membranes and cell walls (Moreira S et al. 2009). The asbestos fibers split lengthwise been in a size smaller than the nanosized particles. Quantum Dots QD: These are the semiconductor nanocrystals with special properties applied in biomedical imaging and electronics industries. Because some these have fluorescent properties for biomedical imaging, also there are targets specific biologic events and cellular structures, such as peroxisomes, DNA and cell membrane receptors (Hardman R. 2006). This aids drug delivery and the advance in nanomedicine. For example, Nano selenium is one of the major components of Quantum Dots outer covering, there is a study in Makala Fish that studies the concentrations of micro and nano selenium in the Liver and Muscle. However the compound of selenium such as Sodiumselenite, Selenomethinine, and methylselenocysteine have greater toxicity impact than elemental nanoselenium(Li H et al. 2008). Then nanoparticles had a greater coverage. Manufactured Nanoparticles -Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanoparticles: Silver particles are use in fridges to avoid growth of saprophytic bacteria and fungi. These particles behave as copper nanoparticles, these nano-biocides can become even cheaper in the next few years. Another nano-biocide is titanium dioxide used to protect glazing. There are studies that focus in Titanium Dioxide.These nanomaterials have greater access to the micrometer size pores in plants since nanoparticles have a greater possibility of fitting through micropores, then this allows an accumulation in the xylem structure, eventually blocking the continuity and disturbing or destroying the function of the xylem (Seeger EM 2009). The willow tree study presented that before the nanoparticles get through the xylem pores, there is some sedimentation then blocking the passage through the micropores (Seeger EM 2009). Consequently, more studies are required this TiO2 is in contact with humans through the sunscreen, acc ording to a british study done in 1997; contribute to the formation of free radicals in skin cells and in this way damage DNA. This can result in mutations further leading to modifications of the structure and function of proteins (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Combustion Derived Nanoparticles CDNP: Nanoparticles area a threat when inhaled, because of the large surface area they are linked to health effects and respiratory toxicity h. These combustion-derived nanoparticles are thought to be the most potent component of the air pollution cocktail (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Elliott KC. 2007). Their toxicology is used to predict the health outcomes in humans following exposure to manufactured nanoparticles, there is necessary to understand the toxicity to reduce occupational and environmental exposure (Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007). These emissions are considered to be carbon based aerosols nanoparticles as a result of incomplete combustion, as well as lead compounds. Because of these cars are equipped with catalysts, a couple of years ago platinum nanoparticles, with dimensions in the range 0.8-10 nm, are released from car catalysts during their life-time. Then newer catalysts were introduced by pioneering company M azda. Not long ago is found that additions to fuel of Aluminium or Aluminium Trioxide nanoparticles, aids to the fuel properties (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The detrimental health effects of inhaling fine aerosols were recognised as early as the 4th century BC (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Since this being acknowledge various attempts to minimize exposure have been done. These particle size of aerosols are known to influence the deposition region in the lungs and translocation potential to the organs, e.g. the inhalable fraction (which can enter the respiratory tract), the thoracic fraction (capable of penetration to the airways below the larynx, smaller than 10 lm) and the respirable fraction (particles smaller than 4 lm) penetratingbeyond the ciliated airways to the gas exchange region of the lung (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Regular particles affect upper respiratory tract, fine particles affect lower respiratory tract, and ultrafine particles or nanoparticles affect distal respiratory tract. The nanoparticles get stuck to the alveoli and cause problems. †Current and historical epidemiological and toxicological investigations with airborne nanoparticles are viewed as the pioneering nanoparticle for the expansion nanotoxicology, the major portal of entry into the human body for nanoparticles is via inhalation into the respiratory system† (Bà ©ruBà © K, et al 2007). Nanoparticles come in contact with the skin, then transported to the lymph nodes, then most are excreted via feces. Other ways for these tiny particles to get in are by blood circulation then these end up in the liver, and from there are distributed throughout every organ in the living organisms (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Li C et al. 2009) . The skin is the great barrier against the nanoparticles for the new medicine the only way the particles enter the body effectively is through injection, for rapid release. The nanomaterials develop for medicinal purposes have been under development for many years. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine, these help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007). Some of the nanomedicines have a combination of properties for example a useful combination of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity so that they have some solubility in an aqueous environment, but are sufficiently hydrophobic to partition through membranes. These properties mean that they distribute all over the body fairly rapidly via the circulation and by diffusion through tissues and cells (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006) , (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Nanomedicines must be well tested before they enter in the hands of consumers. These enter the environment and have ecotoxicological effects therefore a new subsection of Nanoscience have emerged Nanotoxicology. The study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles, or simply Nanotoxicity. This is more complicated than expected, therefore there is a great need for further investigation for fundamental research and practical applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, further supportive and extensive researches are warranted; the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties (e.g. size, shape, surface chemistry, composition, and aggregation) of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses (Moreira S et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Hardman R. 2006). Nanotoxicological research is in its infancy and the implementation of test standards and commercialisation of appropriate safety control systems can take several years (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009) . The future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies, and conventional knowledge about exposure assessment, fate and transport, and current computer models is not necessarily applicable to nanoparticles(Balbus J et al. 2007), (Elliott KC. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The improved study methods for rapid testing and efficient nanotoxicity assessments. Because there is a need to study the potential of nanoparticles to carry toxic chemicals that are man made or those found in the environment. For example fullerenes or nanoCarbon60 is a major threat to marine or aqu atic ecosystems, these particles are insoluble in water (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . This C60 is mixed with Tetrahydrofuran that is use as a vehicle solvent. The combination generates a yellowish adjacent C60. This is the main reason why there is potential that toxicity result from the presence of THF in between the adjacent nanoC60 and THF degradation products (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). There is a need for more research other than the traditional invitro using tissue samples but the actual use of in vivo organisms to study the life cycle of nanoparticles. The In vitro toxicity assessment faster, cheap, and minimum ethical concers. In another hand, in vivo life cycle is accurate in assessing nanotoxicity. This life cycle study is base in the different characterizations of the nanoparticles, and relation with the environment where exposed (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). The nanoparticles have an important role in driving cellular responses related to oxidative stress, so extracellular levels should also be considered (Elliott KC. 2007), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore, new studies permit the mapping the effect of the toxicity of nanostructure, allowing for the development of predictive models of nanostructure toxicity. However, because of ethical regulations the transition animal to humans still far, as a result of ethical laws and regulations regarding human testing, if allowed nanotoxicology could greatly improve the degree of confidence on the safety of nanomaterials for diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies in humans (Bregoli L et al. 2009) . Further studies lead to required information so responsible regulatory decisions could be made. Despite this increase in the prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, the field of nanotoxicology has formed in response to this lack of information to be applied when conducting research studies (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). Nanotoxicology is dependent of analytical methods for future classifications of nanomaterials as well as their effects on in vitro and in vivo studies (Marquis B et al. 2009). Moreover, there is currently a small amount of investigation dealing with the impact of toxicity of nanoparticles. There is a future focus on nanoparticles toxicity in the molecular level leading to cellul ar oxidative stress. The technology boom raises an important question: what is being done to address the environmental risks associated with nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006). So Nanotoxicologists could build a program to promote a safe and profitable nanotechnology (Elliott KC. 2007). The promotion of safe nanotoxicology started by a specific sub classification of nanoparticles, for example Quatum Dots. These are sub classified by inherent physical, and chemical properties, and environmental impact; the particle size, functional groups, and oxidative properties to establish the toxicity (Hardman R. 2006). The safe nanotechnology is achieve by following the main causes of nanoparticle toxicity (1) Due to chemical toxicity of materials from which they have been made. (2) Due to their small size: nanoparticles may stick to cellular membranes and enter the cells. (3) Due to their shape: e.g. carbon nanotubes can easily pierce cell membrane (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). According to Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. in 2007, acknowledge that by June 2005 the International Standard Organization launched a Nanotechnology Committee, that focus in the standardization of the nanotechnologies. In the past there were early warnings against the effects of manufactured nanoparticles from commercial products and new-generation-waste. Therefore new studies are necessary for the recognition of biological effects of nanoparticles in the environment, and creation of the bases of nanobiomonitoring (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanomonitoring must be started before the Nanowaste accumulation that will be present in the near future and reduce ecotoxicological problems. There is a high demand for the appropriated risk assessment, this affecting global organizations in order to protect both their staff, clients, and customers. However, a cross disciplinary communication is required, this in the collaboration of researchers from different disciplines. For example communication between physical chemists that have knowledge in classification of materials, biologist with knowledge of the ecosystems and biological systems, and toxicologist to merge both skills to study the toxicity of these nanomaterials (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). For example analytical chemists in nanotoxicology, help in the classifications of future nanomaterials and particles. Some of their techniques are electron microscopy, this helps to study the accumulation of bioparticles(Marquis B et al. 2009).Then nanotoxicologist benefit from the intergration of both physical and biological sciences. The toxicologists discover that analytical chemists can develop assays that are both sensitive and selective for any species or cell function affected by nanoparticles(Wittmaack K. 2007). There are many scientific disciplines working together to study nanoparticles and their toxicology. Efforts have been internationally for a better assessment with two main groups International Council on Nanotechnology, and the International Organization for Standardization (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. Since 1990, there is a high implementation of nanotechnologies (Piotrowska G et al. 2009) . The uses of nanotechnology products, these are used in electronics and cosmetics. As an comparative measurement, to consider is that in two grams of 100 nm nanoparticles contains enough to give every human a generous amount of these particles (Hardman R. 2006). There is a beneficial aspect by working with nanoscale technologies, expected to have heavy impact in diverse industries and areas of society like medicine, plastic, energy, electronics, aerospace, and emerging fields. According to Piotrowska G et al. 2009, there is a law imposed by Roy Amara the president of the Institute for the Future, â€Å"Nanoparticles benefits might be overestimated in the short run, and their effects in the long run such as the accumulation of nanowaste might be underestimated. The short term effects are the benefits of the new technology, nanomaterials, and usages of Nanoparticles, no nanowaste present. The long term effects are those that prove to be detrimental to the environment and increase the nanomaterials toxicity. For example time of nanotechnology usage increase Nanowaste increases toxicity. The interactions between nanoparticles and the environmental leads to harmful exposures for the affected ecosystem and living organisms (Balbus J et al. 2007) . As a result of increase in nanowaste. According to the Amara Law, this materials will be around and living organisms exposure is ensure and likely to increase over time (Hardman R. 2006). We must study the physicochem ical properties the research should focus on in vivo systems. Nanoconstructs interactions are important to take in consideration for future studies, there is the interactions of biological components such as proteins and cells organelles; that will give clues for the study of the nanocompounds biodistribution. This is important to understand because is the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment to then give specific laws (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is still a small amount of data regarding the handeling of discarded nanomaterials. Since there is a high demand for research, there is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which launched an initiative to test human health and environmental safety of those nanomaterials that are already in use and the nanomaterials that may be developed in the forthcoming years. Consequently the greater amount of research the better risk assessment, therefore is beneficial to study nanoparticles potential impacts on environmental health and safety (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). There is potential risk on environmental, health, and safety; with these new technology applied in commercialized products. As an example, in the usage of a glass and bathroom sealant spray Magic Nano, led to hospitalization of an aerosol industry (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is a high demand for nanotechnological research, these companies should focus in the appropriate toxicology and ecotoxicology for all nanoenabled products. The ecotoxicological hazard is that the nanoparticled accumulate in the soil, air, and surface water. There they last for a long time to be taken up by biological organisms, because they undergo biodegradation or bioaccumulate in the food chain (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there are nanoparticles contained in cosmetics, such as sunscreens can contaminate water and soil, contributing to their bioaccumulation in the food chain (Friedrichs S, and Sch ulte J. 2007),, (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Elliott KC. 2007). In addition, this agency works closely with the Toxic Substances Control Act to study the toxicity of nanomaterials. The effects of carbon nanotubes are detrimental to humans and other living things, greater than any other nanoparticle (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes cause necrosis, degeneration, and apoptosis in the animal and plant cells. These nanoparticles are less biodegradable, and they have a lipophilic property making them easy to cross the cell membrane. Such properties may be associated with a tendency of carbon nanotubes to bioaccumulate (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). . Legal regulations are highly important issues, regarding nanowastes need to be regulated, following the life cycle of the remnants of the nanomaterials. This approach takes the stages of nanomaterials from production, through use, to disposal, which should avoid making the nanowaste problem a legacy of nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This is an improvement after half a decade after the introduction of nanoparticles in manufacturing industries, known as the Life Cycle Assessment. Therefore, the companies working with nanotechnologies should keep up-to-date with information about the toxicological studies relevant to their area of RD. (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Currently many international institutions are collecting results regarding nanomaterials. Since all this collection of results proves beneficial since these toxicological and ecotoxicological studies on nanomaterials effect to the environment and health are expensive and have a gr eat deal of length. This iniciative is known as ICON International Council of Nanotechnology. The University of California, has provided some surveys and research, to this international collection of nanomaterials research, this includes the Safety of Nano-Materials Interdisciplinary Research Centre, which conducts toxicological and epidemiological studies (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007).There is plenty room for further reaseach. Conclusion and Recommendations Nanotechnology an emerging science, from anthropogenic and natural sources for example ash from volcanoes. Other natural occurring nanoparticles biogenic magnetite, from bacteria to protozoa to animals; this associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As nanomaterials are used for manufacture industries, there is a need for accurate, and responsible nanotoxicological evaluation. Resources and funding for the study should be from government and pioneering industries. The studies will further help to sort and create regulations for risk evaluations, this information should be influenced from previous research studies (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The research on nanotechnology products is necessary to study adverse effects of the engineer nanomaterials to living organisms and the environment. Nanotoxicology is a challenge for research because of different exposure conditions, and biodistribution. This is the movements of materials th rough tissue, and organisms. As of now, there should be more rules for standardized testing for the assessment of toxicity of the nanomaterials. According to National Toxicology program of 2005 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 2003, these have harmful side effects that affect different biological systems and they have a novel properties and risk of exposures is inevitable becoming a concern for humans and the environment (Hardman R. 2006) , (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). A major recommendation, other than more funding and advance research in ecotoxicology and nanotoxicology, is the recycling of nanowaste. This recycling proves beneficial in the reduction of nanowaste independently of the time increase and nanowaste increase direct relationship. This recycling needs segregation of used nanoproducts, making them available for future use, in new products. These products if not possible to be recycled bioutilization is need to be used. For example, some species of plants and fungi are hyperaccumulators of heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, radionuclides and other xenobiotics by plants, fungi and microorganisms (e.g. fitoand mycoextraction or biodegradation) is a convenient way of remediation of polluted soils, water and air (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Finally, the emerging development of nanotechnology needs a better reaserch and knowledge in how to bioutilise or recycle the nanowaste.